Human activities continuously introduce pollutants into the environment, posing risks to human health, as well as that of microorganisms and animals. These pollutants, pervasive in various environments, stem from industries like pharmaceuticals, textiles, and thermal power generation, yielding hazardous chemicals that persist and accumulate. Consequently, there arises a pressing need for a reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable solution to mitigate these harmful substances from air, soil, and water, ensuring human health. One promising strategy for environmental remediation involves employing carbon-based nanocomposites (CNCs). These materials have gained attention due to their exceptional efficiency in pollutant removal, owing to their unique properties such as high surface area, adjustable porosity, and remarkable adsorption capacity. Moreover, their versatility and adaptability make them suitable for diverse environmental conditions and various pollutants. Notably, recent advancements in synthesis processes have made these nanocomposites more cost-effective and scalable for production. This chapter delves into the multifaceted applications of CNCs in environmental remediation. It discusses various synthesis approaches, emphasizing their efficacy in soil, water, and air pollutant remediation. Furthermore, it explains the photocatalytic degradation mechanism and explores the applications of CNCs in oil spill cleanup, wastewater treatment, and air filtration, addressing both organic and inorganic contaminant removal. Finally, the chapter provides an overview of the opportunities, challenges, and future outlooks for using carbon-based nanocomposites in environmental cleanup efforts.