Biomass power generation converts agricultural/forestry residues, municipal waste, and livestock manure into electricity through combustion, gasification, or anaerobic digestion. It plays a vital role in China’s dual-carbon goals, leveraging abundant biomass resources (theoretical potential: 5 billion tce), though utilization remains below 12%. Current technologies include direct combustion (44.14 GW installed capacity in 2023, 29.4% of global share), gasification, biogas, and waste incineration. While agricultural waste combustion achieves international efficiency standards and incineration plants adopt ultra-high-pressure units, challenges persist in high feedstock costs, technical bottlenecks (tar removal, alkali corrosion), and insufficient policy incentives. Future priorities include non-power applications (bio-jet fuel, methanol), rural waste-to-energy projects, and integration with carbon trading markets. Notable projects like Chengdu Wanxing Waste-to-Energy Plant (Asia’s largest, 5100 tons/day), Shenzhen Longgang Eco-Energy Park (EU-compliant emissions), and Heilongjiang Fuhua Jinhe Biomass CHP Project (600,000 tons/year straw consumption) demonstrate efficient resource recovery and emission reduction. Enhanced innovation and policy support will accelerate biomass energy’s role in China’s low-carbon transition and rural revitalization.