Nanobiosensors have pushed the pace for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens by providing essential public health strategies oriented to food safety. The incorporation of nanomaterials including nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanowires has greatly improved sensitivity and specificity of detection in pathogenic bacteria and viruses at very low concentrations. This chapter discusses nanobiosensors and their working, categories with special reference to their use in the food industry. However, the chapter also looks at the drawbacks and difficulties encountered by nanobiosensors with regard to their usage in real-life situations. Issues such as matrix effects, stability of the nanomaterials, and the need to develop stable calibration methods pose major barriers to the realization of the targeted performance. Furthermore, the latest findings about multifunctional nanobiosensors are presented with examples for sensing more than a pathogen at a time and the use of smart technologies for easy operation. Possible future developments are indicated, including the incorporation of nanobiosensors with portable systems for real-time analysis of food safety which would be a drastic change from current practices.