Health and food safety experts continue to have serious concerns about foodborne infections. Worldwide, reports of foodborne-related mortality average 0.42 million respectively. High-concern pathogens include bacteria like Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Listeria monocytogenes, which are known to produce Shiga toxins. Among the aquatic pathogens of great concern are Schistosoma japonicum, leptospirosis, Vibrio cholerae, and others. The global incidence of foodborne illnesses remains high, even with significant efforts being made in the areas of food quality control to monitor the presence of these pathogens of concern in various sources. These factors make it necessary to create new, quicker pathogen detection techniques that may be used with real-time surveillance plans. In place of more time-consuming and unsuitable techniques for large-scale surveillance, biosensor-based methods have become unique tools for the quicker identification of food pathogens. In a nutshell, biosensors are devices that detect infections by biochemical reactions involving biorecognition components such as tissues, isolated enzymes, antibodies, genetic materials, or aptamers. The majority of biosensors rely on the correlation between electrical, thermal, or optical signals when pathogen biomarkers are present. The use of molecular and nanotechnology makes it possible to identify pathogens at incredibly low pathogen concentrations quickly and with high sensitivity. As a matter of fact, the incorporation of magnetic, silver, iron, and gold nanoparticles (NP) into biosensors has proven to enhance their detection capabilities. The main use of nanomaterials and biosensor-based instruments for the identification of pathogens in food is the subject of this chapter. Furthermore, it emphasizes how nanoparticles have improved biosensor devices. Particular benefits are provided by nanomaterials for pathogen detection. The sensitivity and selectivity of the biosensors are improved by the more efficient interaction with pathogenic agents made possible by the nanoscale and high specific surface area. Lastly, the capacity of biosensors to bind to certain molecules, like antibodies or nucleic acids, makes it easier to identify the pathogens of interest.