Brakes are the most important safety device on railways. Brakes must make it possible to stop safely at any time, decelerate smoothly and comfortably, utilize the kinetic energy of running effectively, and be easy to maintain at a low cost. The specific structures include a system that transmits commands from the driver's cab to each car, and the actual mechanism to stop the train includes mechanical brakes (tread brakes and disc brakes) that use frictional force and electric brakes that use a motor as a generator. Among electric brakes, regenerative brakes, which effectively use the generated electricity to power other EMU trains, have become the dominant type of electric brakes. In recent years, electro-pneumatic cooperative control, in which these two brake systems complement each other to provide appropriate brake control, and regenerative brake priority control for the entire trainset has also been developed. This chapter covers the basics of brake mechanisms and control, as well as the latest technology. The latest technology to increase adhesion force, which is the source of braking force, is also shown.