Wheat root diseases remain a persistent challenge to global wheat productivity, threatening both yield stability and food security. Among the most damaging pathogens are Rhizoctonia solani and Bipolaris sorokiniana, which cause spot blotch and common root rot; Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, the agent of take-all; Fusarium pseudograminearum and F. culmorum, responsible for Fusarium crown rot; and several Pythium species. Wheat foot rot, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, further diminishes productivity by causing seedling mortality before and after emergence and can lead to 25–50% yield loss through severe seedling infection. These soilborne pathogens attack root and crown tissues, resulting in necrosis, impaired nutrient uptake, and overall plant decline. The development of resistant cultivars has been accelerated by advances in CRISPR-based genome editing, quantitative trait mapping, and marker-assisted selection, while host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), RNA interference (RNAi), and microbial consortia have strengthened integrated disease management. Emerging technologies such as remote sensing, high-throughput phenotyping, and AI-driven advisory platforms enable early detection, precise management, and farmer-centered decision support. Integrating genomics, soil health enhancement, and digital monitoring within an ecosystem-based approach will be crucial for sustained progress, and enhanced collaboration among researchers, policymakers, and farmers is essential to achieving resilient, sustainable wheat production worldwide.