Foliar and stem diseases are among the most persistent threats to global wheat production, causing significant yield reductions, instability, and higher production costs across various agro-ecological zones. Rust diseases, such as stem rust, stripe rust, and leaf rust, pose the greatest transboundary risk because of their epidemic potential, rapid evolutionary changes, and ability to disperse over long distances. Meanwhile, non-rust foliar diseases, including Septoria tritici blotch, spot blotch, and tan spot, exert chronic pressure on wheat systems, especially under intensified production and changing climatic conditions. Additionally, emerging and trade-sensitive diseases, such as wheat blast and bunt diseases, complicate management and deployment strategies. This chapter summarizes recent advances in pathogen biology, epidemiology, and evolution, focusing on how these processes impact resistance durability and disease risk at regional and global levels. The discussion emphasizes host resistance as the foundation for sustainable disease management, highlighting progress in adult plant resistance, resistance gene pyramiding, and the use of genomic tools to accelerate breeding for quantitative resistance. The chapter also reviews the roles of phenotyping platforms, surveillance networks, and integrated management approaches in increasing resilience amid climate variability and evolving pathogen populations.