Wheat production in India is under mounting pressure from escalating abiotic stresses, most notably heat, drought, salinity, and waterlogging, as well as from fast-evolving biotic challenges, including rusts, spot blotch, and newly emerging pathogens. Developing stress-resilient cultivars has therefore become crucial to maintaining yield stability under climate variability. This chapter synthesizes progress in India’s wheat improvement pipeline, tracing advances from early selection and Green Revolution dwarfing genes to contemporary genomics-assisted and systems-level breeding approaches. We highlight key genetic, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms underlying abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, including major resistance genes, quantitative trait loci, transcriptional regulators, and adaptive traits such as efficient root systems, canopy temperature depression, and stay-green behaviour. Recent innovations, including genomic selection, speed breeding, high-throughput phenotyping, CRISPR–Cas genome editing, and microbiome-mediated resilience, are accelerating genetic gain and enabling more precise trait introgression. Case studies of recent multi-stress-tolerant cultivars demonstrate the successful deployment of these technologies in farmer-preferred backgrounds. Remaining challenges include breeding for complex polygenic stress combinations, strengthening seed systems, countering new pathogen races, and integrating climate-informed predictive breeding. Overall, the convergence of modern genomics, phenomics, and digital agriculture provides a strong platform for delivering resilient wheat varieties suited to future agro-climatic scenarios.