Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the second most important cereal crop in India, providing nearly 20% of its protein and 19% of its calorie intake. Since the Green Revolution of the 1960s, wheat production in India has grown significantly due to the adoption of semidwarf, high-yielding varieties, improved irrigation infrastructure, and advances in agronomic practices. Despite these gains, wheat cultivation still faces various biotic stresses, including rusts, powdery mildew, blast, spot blotch, and insect pests such as aphids and termites. Abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, salinity, metal toxicity, and waterlogging are also widespread and exacerbated by climate change and environmental variability. These challenges lead to considerable reductions in yield and grain quality, posing both economic and nutritional concerns. Over the years, management approaches in wheat have shifted from traditional cultural practices and extensive pesticide application to integrated disease and pest management (IDPM), precision nutrient management, conservation tillage, and breeding initiatives targeting climate resilience through genomics, molecular markers, and gene-editing technologies. Recent innovations, such as artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled phenotyping, remote sensing, and drone-based monitoring, improve early disease detection and stress monitoring. However, the emergence of new threats, including virulent pathogen races such as Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Ug99, pesticide-resistant pest biotypes, and changing climate patterns, necessitates continuous surveillance, adaptive breeding programs, and policies supporting climate-smart agriculture. Increasing genetic diversity through landraces, wild relatives, and participatory breeding, combined with multisectoral collaboration and farmer-centered strategies, is crucial for maintaining adaptive capacity. Policies that promote scientific innovation, environmental protection, extension services, risk mitigation, and equitable access to resources are essential to developing sustainable, climate-resilient wheat production systems.