This chapter examines thermal interventions as dose-controlled recovery tools, with emphasis on how cold, heat, and contrast exposures influence vascular function, microcirculation, neural signaling, pain modulation, and recovery-related physiological processes. It guides the reader from foundational mechanisms to practical implementation, explaining how thermal dose is defined, delivered, and measured, and why the biological response may differ from the applied stimulus. The chapter also details the main neurophysiological and microvascular pathways underlying cold- and heat-induced effects, highlights dose–response logic across athletic and clinical contexts, and discusses when these strategies may support recovery or interfere with adaptation. Particular attention is given to safety, measurement validity, methodological rigor, and interpretation of common monitoring variables. Throughout, the chapter integrates mechanistic evidence with applied examples, key take-home points, technical guidance, and typical values to support precise, evidence-based use of thermal interventions in practice.