Granular materials are discrete systems composed of a large number of macroscopic particles. When the particle size of granular materials exceeds 1 m, they are referred to as granular media, where intermolecular forces weaken. Granular materials are ubiquitous, existing in a spectrum between solid and fluid states, and exhibit complex mechanical properties. They play crucial roles in various industries, including agriculture, chemical engineering, construction, and civil engineering, and have been extensively studied in geotechnical engineering, geological engineering, and environmental science. Some granular materials occur naturally, such as snow, soil, and galactic clouds, while others are products of industrial processes, including grains, cement, concrete, and crushed stones.