This chapter explores the pivotal role of oil in shaping Israel’s foreign policy from its establishment to the present day. Lacking domestic oil reserves and facing a prolonged Arab oil boycott, Israel devised innovative and clandestine strategies to secure oil for its economic and military needs. These efforts included secret arms-for-oil deals, leveraging US diplomatic pressure, and forging unconventional alliances with countries spanning ideological divides. Key episodes analyzed in this chapter include Israel’s oil agreements with Iran during the Shah’s reign, the impact of the 1973 Arab oil embargo on relations with Latin America, the strategic importance of oil in the Israel-Egypt peace treaty, and the complex interplay between oil trade and arms exports to Africa during the 1980s. It also examines Israel’s current oil import policies, starting from its partnerships with post-Soviet oil producers like Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, and highlights the role of shared economic and security interests involved in this trade. Recent events, including the Russia-Ukraine war since 2022 and the War in Gaza since 2023, underscore the fragility of Israel’s oil supply chain, particularly its reliance on routes through Turkey. The study concludes by evaluating Israel’s evolving strategies to diversify its oil imports and transition toward alternative energy sources, reflecting broader geopolitical shifts and regional dynamics. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of how energy security concerns have shaped Israeli diplomacy, offering insights into the broader intersection of natural resources and international relations.