The issue of political abuse of psychiatry has dominated the agenda of world psychiatry for more than 40 years. The consequential discussions have had a profound impact on the conceptual debates with regard to medical ethics and the professional responsibilities of physicians. These have led to the development of a range of international documents and declarations outlining the boundaries between acceptable and inadmissible behavior within the psychiatric profession. Discussions as to what exactly constitutes political abuse of psychiatry are still ongoing. In this chapter, political abuse of psychiatry refers to the misuse of psychiatric diagnosis, treatment and detention for the purposes of obstructing the fundamental human rights of certain individuals and groups in a given society. The case of political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union is used as an important example of how the abuse evolved and eventually was brought to an end.