Philosophy of medicine and philosophy of modeling are very active areas of research. However, there has been comparatively little published work explicitly regarding the intersection of these fields. This chapter surveys some of the key issues in the philosophy of modeling and highlights how these arise in the specific setting of medicine, including the role of idealization and abstraction, different methods of categorizing models, and model use in an applied science. Models in various medical fields and settings are also examined in further detail, such as epidemiology, mechanistic modeling, animal models, and clinical training models. In turn, these show that the general philosophy of modeling has much to gain by exploring medical modeling more thoroughly. In particular, there is philosophical work to be done regarding the role that models play in clinical settings and hands-on teaching.