Chapter 12 situates product development within the broader societal, ecological, and economic drivers of sustainability. Using statistical evidence and scenario models, it highlights the urgency of aligning products with planetary and social limits. Drawing on the Club of Rome’s Limits to Growth and its updates, the chapter contrasts a “business-as-usual” trajectory with a stabilised world, identifying science and technology as key levers for redirecting unsustainable trends. The sociological dimension focuses on global population growth toward ten billion by 2080, intensifying food scarcity, inequality, and emissions. Regional projections expose uneven demographic pressures and potential conflict risks. Ecologically, Earth Overshoot Day and CO₂ data reveal how regenerative capacity is exceeded and emissions remain concentrated in a few nations, demanding coordinated yet differentiated action. Economic analysis links GDP rankings with resource intensity, illustrating how prosperity often correlates with environmental burden. Alternative frameworks like the Green Economy, Cradle to Cradle, and Steady-State Economy propose models to reconcile growth with planetary boundaries. Together, these perspectives reinforce the book’s core message: sustainable product development requires integrating systemic knowledge into design practice. By translating data-driven insights into technical and strategic decisions, engineers can transform global challenges into innovation opportunities, fostering prosperity, equity, and ecological resilience.