Epidemiology is a medical discipline which addresses health issues at the level of populations by investigating representative samples thereof empirically. For decades, it has been known that cultural participation could have implications for morbidity and mortality, according to Scandinavian epidemiological studies. However, only in recent years, the possible contributions of arts participation, in general, and musical activities, in particular, have become apparent in respective work. A model on the interplay between environmental and genetic factors is presented as a starting point to further explore, whether and how music engagement can contribute to individual and social health. The discussion is extended to both possible mechanisms in the association between cultural engagement and health, and segments of the general population such as the working population, musicians, and older adults. It is concluded that the information gathered so far can be interpreted as initial evidence of music engagement as being beneficial for health outcomes. However, many facets of this association remain to be explored and understood to allow more robust conclusions.