Neurologic music therapy (NMT) is a scientifically based clinical system that uses music as a therapeutic agent in neurological rehabilitation. It emerged from neurobiological music research, which investigates the supportive effect of music on therapeutic learning, behavior, and neuroplasticity. NMT relies on experimental research and the transfer of scientifically based motor and cognitive learning theories to therapeutic practice. It is practiced in over 70 countries and also plays an important role in “Community Based Rehabilitation” in low- and middle-income countries. NMT has developed as a standardized therapy methodology, recognized both scientifically and clinically. It uses musical structures as well as music perception and production processes to support rehabilitative effects. The scientific basis of NMT is rooted in clinical translations of neuroscientific mechanisms in music perception, cognition, and playing. Examples of NMT’s impact include improvements in motor control, auditory perception, attention, memory, and executive functions. It also supports language function when primary language centers are disturbed. NMT is a clinical translation of research whose principles are integrable and transferable to other fields of neurological rehabilitation.