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In this chapter, we look out into the unknown world beyond the Standard Model. In the previous chapters, we have seen that matter consists of a relatively small set of building blocks, which appear to be elementary. Or could they be made of even smaller substructures? This does not seem to be the case. Such models with further substructures have been constructed, but they have all been refuted by the very precise data from the LEP collider. However, other questions remain unanswered within the Standard Model: Where do the neutrino masses come from? Why are the electron's and proton's electric charges exactly equal and opposite even though one is a lepton and the other made of quarks? How can we explain the dark matter indirectly observed in the Universe? And what is dark energy actually all about?

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Limitations of the Standard Model

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Philip Bechtle,
  • Florian Bernlochner,
  • Herbi Dreiner,
  • Christoph Hanhart,
  • Josef Jochum,
  • Jörg Pretz,
  • Kristin Riebe

摘要

In this chapter, we look out into the unknown world beyond the Standard Model. In the previous chapters, we have seen that matter consists of a relatively small set of building blocks, which appear to be elementary. Or could they be made of even smaller substructures? This does not seem to be the case. Such models with further substructures have been constructed, but they have all been refuted by the very precise data from the LEP collider. However, other questions remain unanswered within the Standard Model: Where do the neutrino masses come from? Why are the electron's and proton's electric charges exactly equal and opposite even though one is a lepton and the other made of quarks? How can we explain the dark matter indirectly observed in the Universe? And what is dark energy actually all about?