This chapter deals with the investigation of the working brain during language processing using brain imaging techniques and the temporal analysis of cognitive processes using special analysis methods of electroencephalography. The analysis of auditory evoked potentials (EPs) and, in particular, the evaluation of language-specific components of the event-related potential (ERP) reveal the temporal course of the parsing of linguistic utterances for very different sub-processes. Important ERP components during language processing are presented and their usability with regard to linguistic research questions is discussed. The significance of auditory brainstem potentials and the readiness potential for neurolinguistics is also explained on the basis of results on speech and language processing.