Africa possesses substantial water resources, including major rivers, large lakes, and vast groundwater reserves. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for over 75 per cent of the African population. However, despite this abundance, Africa is often referred to as the second driest continent (after Australia) due to a combination of factors: The resources are unevenly distributed across the continent and face significant challenges from water scarcity, pollution, climate change, to uneven distribution, population growth, and inadequate management.