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Heart failure is characterized by the inability of the heart to adjust its output to the demands of the organism without increasing cardiac filling pressures. Generally, a distinction is made based on the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 40%; HFrEF), heart failure with mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF 41–49%; HFmrEF), and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (LVEF ≥ 50%; HFpEF).

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Heart Failure

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Bettina Heidecker,
  • Otmar Pfister

摘要

Heart failure is characterized by the inability of the heart to adjust its output to the demands of the organism without increasing cardiac filling pressures. Generally, a distinction is made based on the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 40%; HFrEF), heart failure with mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF 41–49%; HFmrEF), and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (LVEF ≥ 50%; HFpEF).