Marine science is a wide field of research, including hydrography, chemistry, biological oceanography, and fishery science. One may consider that the longer-term aspects of global warming and issues with pollution monitoring are the most critical statistical modeling issues. Somewhat subjectively, the next in line are probably issues that relate to the sustainable use of marine resources, commonly called fishery science. Statistics enters all of the aforementioned subfields, but the most elaborate models have been developed for fishery science and aspects of these will mainly be described here. Within marine research, it was quite common up through about 1980 to use models of the biological processes setup using differential equations, but had no error component and basically transformed observed data through an arbitrary computational mechanism into desired measures of population size, growth, yield potential, and so forth.