It was argued in Part I that political communication is sustained by widely shared expectations concerning information integrity, intelligibility, responsiveness, mutual respect, and adherence to liberal-democratic principles. As observed elsewhere, these expectations are increasingly strained, strategically tested, or openly breached in contemporary digital election environments, where platform architectures and competitive campaign incentives have been found to encourage boundary-pushing styles (Bentivegna & Rega, 2024b; Massaro & Stryker, 2012; Nai & Maier, 2023b; Papacharissi, 2004). Under such conditions, the term political incivility is invoked with growing frequency.