New Challenges: Cooperations since 2016 and Responses to the War in Ukraine
摘要
Russia’s violation of international law through its attack on Ukraine represents a profound turning point for all member states of the European Union—especially with regard to security policy and the further development of a European defense. This war, marked by its high intensity and the use of new forms of conflict such as drones and cyber weapons, challenges Europe—and the EU as a political entity—in many ways. Beyond the military aspects, this war compels us to confront numerous destabilizing measures by Russia that directly affect our societies. Examples include coffins under the Eiffel Tower, the Shoah memorial sprayed with red hands, or the manipulation of refugee movements at the EU’s external borders orchestrated by Russia and Belarus (France Info 2024). Added to this are cyber and information attacks, which make it clear that war is no longer confined to land, water, and air, but is opening up new theaters of operations. The French Chief of the General Staff, Thierry Burkhard, refers to this as the “l’environnement multi-milieux/multi-champs des opérations” (Burkhard 2021).