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This chapter introduces two basic models of norm research: the cascade model of the norm life cycle and the spiral model of human rights. Based on these early conceptualisations from the 1990s, which distinguished phases of norm emergence, diffusion, and internalisation, it shows that norm research has become pluralised. It presents in detail concepts of alternative processes and phases such as norm localisation, norm subsidiarity, norm translation, norm polarisation, norm erosion, and norm death, which at the same time demonstrate the relevance of actors and their activities for norm dynamics.

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On Models and Alternative Processes: Phases and Stages in Norm Dynamics

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Bastian Loges

摘要

This chapter introduces two basic models of norm research: the cascade model of the norm life cycle and the spiral model of human rights. Based on these early conceptualisations from the 1990s, which distinguished phases of norm emergence, diffusion, and internalisation, it shows that norm research has become pluralised. It presents in detail concepts of alternative processes and phases such as norm localisation, norm subsidiarity, norm translation, norm polarisation, norm erosion, and norm death, which at the same time demonstrate the relevance of actors and their activities for norm dynamics.