The pharmaceutical supply chain (in the following PSC) is a complex, global network that resembles a US$1.27 trillion industry, while serving the vital role of delivering safe and effective medicines to patients worldwide (Sim et al., 2022, p. 1) The PSC is inherently global in nature, encompassing resources, diverse market participants and patients (Haji et al., 2021, pp. 1–2). Over the past two decades, globalization has only extended and diversified these chains, introducing numerous contract manufacturers, suppliers of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and trading partners across borders (Mackey and Nayyar, 2017, pp. 6–7). The PSC differentiates from other supply chains in factors such as timeliness of delivery, storage conditions, and safety requirements (Ciceri et al., 2024, p. 1).