Germany has an annual energy turnover of approximately 3000 TWh, (2025) all inclusive, i.e. industry, business, transport, housing etc. Serious forecasts claim a plausible reduction to 2000 TWh until 2050, the majority of which should be renewable. Today the renewable fraction is app. 20%, of which one third is electricity from photovoltaics and wind, two thirds are biomass, the largest part being various forms of wood for heating purposes. Today, nearly 70% of the total energy turnover is covered from imported energy carriers. For 2050 the estimated import quota still stands at app. 25%. The new world trade in renewable energy will be based on electricity and biomass. Electricity cannot simply be stored or be transported around the world. Therefore, it will be converted to Hydrogen, which itself is not easily stored at 700bar in gaseous from or at −253 °C as liquid! Even then, Hydrogen has a low volumetric energy density of only 2.34 kWh/L liquid, respectively 1.4 kWh/L, gaseous at 700bar. Also for both, electricity and hydrogen, additional distribution infrastructure on national and international level will be required. Hydrogen and CO2 can be synthesised e.g. to Methanol, which is liquid at ambient temperature and pressure and contains 4.4 kWh/L! CO2 can be transported/traded at e.g. 25 °C/60bar and, if not used for the synthesis of green molecules, can be extracted from the future circular carbon economy to be disposed. In comparison to H2 and NH3, a circular carbon economy can thus be carbon negative, not only carbon neutral! Due to its easy storage and handling, synthesized green molecules (Methanol, DME, XtG, XtO, eGasoline, eDiesel, eKerosene) can be used for the inevitable electricity generation during periods of “Dunkelflauteˮ i.e. without sun and wind, for a national geostrategic reserve and directly and efficiently for use in transport applications!

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Transport of the Future, Conclusions from the Overall Energy Situation in Germany, Status 2024/25

  • Frank Atzler,
  • Tilo Roß,
  • Ronny Werner

摘要

Germany has an annual energy turnover of approximately 3000 TWh, (2025) all inclusive, i.e. industry, business, transport, housing etc. Serious forecasts claim a plausible reduction to 2000 TWh until 2050, the majority of which should be renewable. Today the renewable fraction is app. 20%, of which one third is electricity from photovoltaics and wind, two thirds are biomass, the largest part being various forms of wood for heating purposes. Today, nearly 70% of the total energy turnover is covered from imported energy carriers. For 2050 the estimated import quota still stands at app. 25%. The new world trade in renewable energy will be based on electricity and biomass. Electricity cannot simply be stored or be transported around the world. Therefore, it will be converted to Hydrogen, which itself is not easily stored at 700bar in gaseous from or at −253 °C as liquid! Even then, Hydrogen has a low volumetric energy density of only 2.34 kWh/L liquid, respectively 1.4 kWh/L, gaseous at 700bar. Also for both, electricity and hydrogen, additional distribution infrastructure on national and international level will be required. Hydrogen and CO2 can be synthesised e.g. to Methanol, which is liquid at ambient temperature and pressure and contains 4.4 kWh/L! CO2 can be transported/traded at e.g. 25 °C/60bar and, if not used for the synthesis of green molecules, can be extracted from the future circular carbon economy to be disposed. In comparison to H2 and NH3, a circular carbon economy can thus be carbon negative, not only carbon neutral! Due to its easy storage and handling, synthesized green molecules (Methanol, DME, XtG, XtO, eGasoline, eDiesel, eKerosene) can be used for the inevitable electricity generation during periods of “Dunkelflauteˮ i.e. without sun and wind, for a national geostrategic reserve and directly and efficiently for use in transport applications!