Access to Housing in Liminalities: Beyond Income-Based Social Mix in Pro-Poor Housing Policies in Amritsar
摘要
In the Indian housing and urban planning setting, the concept of income-based social mix has often been rooted in urban poverty reduction and social inclusion policy frameworks, most recently under the “affordable housing for all” discourse. However, different modes and mechanisms of power, difference, and oppression are articulated in such policy frameworks. Therefore, housing projects are often subverted and reworked by residents opening spaces of liminality and struggle in which urban dwellers seek to ensure access to urban resources “from below.” Based on empirical data collected on housing and governance practices in the city of Amritsar, in India, and drawing on access theory by Ribot and Peluso (2003, 2020), in this chapter, I investigate the case of Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar (also known as Mall Mandi), a housing project developed by the Amritsar Improvement Trust (AIT), a public institution, aiming at providing affordable housing and improving a marginalized locality through an income-based social mix approach. By doing so, I explore the mechanisms that influence the ability of diverse residents in Mall Mandi’s housing estate to benefit from urban resources, mainly to access housing and services. The research shows that the development of the housing project and the subsequent inhabitation practices, i.e., allocation and occupation of constructed flats, have contributed to conflicts and contestations between different stakeholders and residents. Although the case highlights how planning processes and governance “from above” contribute to the (re)production of urban inequalities and marginalization of already vulnerable communities, it also hints at new possibilities for conceptualizing housing and social inclusion politics from the perspective of access and liminality, considering forms of agency among disenfranchised urban dwellers.