Is warlike behavior an independent part of our evolutionary heritage? Or is it rather the result of a fatal combination of characteristics, each of which represents advantageous adaptations in their own right? Or none of this? Guided by Tinbergen’s four questions and based particularly on relevant literature from the last ten years, this article pursues these questions. Special attention is given to the conceptual criticism of overly simplistic notions of what warlike behavior is and which purposes it serves. Thus, the chapter paints a nuanced picture of the individual components required for the occurrence of violent conflicts between groups of humans and their deadly interplay under ‘favorable’ environmental conditions.