This chapter addresses the theoretical issues of this research, starting with Nussbaum’s conceptualisation (2011) of human and social sciences as key conveyors of the values that society aims to reproduce, and as pivotal elements in the analysis of education systems. It then delves into the relationship and intersection between Comparative Education and Arab-Islamic Studies followed by Habermas’s post-metaphysic approach to religion and democracy as applied to Islamic tradition and contemporary issues. The fourth paragraph connects the reproduction of values through education to Bourdieu and Passeron’s theory.