The chapter discusses various vitamins, their biosynthesis, industrial production, and significance in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is both an important yellow dye and a coenzyme in biochemical processes. Its biosynthesis occurs in bacteria, fungi, and plants, with Ashbya gossypii often used for industrial production. Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) is a precursor of coenzyme A and is synthesized by bacteria from the amino acids aspartate and valine. Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a complex vitamin essential for various metabolic processes. Its biosynthesis is primarily carried out by bacteria. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an important antioxidant and is biochemically synthesized from glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition to biotechnology, it can also be produced through chemical processes. Vitamin D is formed in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol under the influence of UV light and plays a crucial role in calcium metabolism. It is chemically synthesized and naturally occurs in fish oil. Vitamin E (tocopherols) is a group of antioxidant compounds synthesized in plants. Industrial production is carried out through organic synthesis. These vitamins are essential for human metabolism and are used in various technical applications such as food production, pharmacy, and biotechnology.