Effective prevention and/or treatment strategies for neurodegenerative and other brain disorders have, so far, not been successful. For example, a number of drugs are available for management of Alzheimer’s disease; however, these agents produce only transient palliative results that often come with a wide variety of untoward effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies with better efficacy and fewer side effects. Many plant origin compounds possess properties that can be useful in preventing or retarding neurodegenerative and other neurological diseases. One such compound is nicotine, which has astonishingly varied actions including inhibition of apoptosis and cell cycle progression, stimulation of neurogenesis, restoration of calcium homeostasis, reduction in metal ion overload in the brain, support of mitochondrial respiratory chain, and the possession of substantial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this chapter, we summarize some of the published literature on the beneficial effects of nicotine and its potential for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with selected neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.