The early history of maritime mathematics involves the development of mathematical concepts used for navigation and seafaring, particularly during the age of exploration. Key advancements included the use of geometry for mapping and the creation of logarithms to simplify calculations for navigation at sea. The mathematics of navigation primarily relies on geometry and trigonometry, utilizing concepts like angles, distances, and coordinates to calculate a position on Earth, often using methods like triangulation and trilateration, especially when determining location based on celestial bodies or satellite signals like GPS; this involves calculations based on spherical geometry due to the Earth’s curvature, including finding latitude and longitude through time and angle measurements. Celestial navigation and GPS navigation techniques arose as a result of the need to accurately travel from one point to another and determine locations in transit. Over time, different devices were invented for navigation across the ocean, with each device becoming more sophisticated but using similar mathematical themes. Navigation on the ocean also presented new risks to safety and marked the advent of insurance and actuarial science. These secondary aspects of maritime history are also discussed.