This chapter provides an overview of some key issues in the economics of healthy ageing, with particular focus on the varying healthcare needs across the life cycle, including the needs related to housing adaptation and ageing in place, caregiving and loss of independence, as well as quality of life deterioration as morbidy arises. It shows that the physical and mental health decline with age encompasses a health system reorganization and call for an enhance coordination and integration with long-term care, highlighting both challenges and opportunities. While there is a mismatch between individuals’ preferences for end-of-life care settings and the reality of hospital deaths, we show that decision regarding old-age health is determined by resource constraints (e.g., pension income and retirement) and employment trajectories across the life course which significantly impact health outcomes and access to care in later life, thereby exacerbating health inequities among older adults. The chapter summarizes broader discussions about the limits of human life and individuals’ perceptions of longevity, while also identifying the role of cognitive biases that hinder the capacity to benefit from healthy ageing, including the roles of insurance and housing adaptation. Finally, the chapter indentify some institutional barriers and behavioral constraints individuals face which influence the pursuit of healthy ageing, which it is argued warrant further research.