Emollients are traditionally used in all kinds of skin diseases involving epidermal pathology and barrier dysfunction. In occupational settings, emollients are used both for treatment and prevention of skin disease. Emollients may also be used for cosmetic purposes, to avoid the look of dry skin. Although emollients are very widely used, and recommended by physicians, evidence for efficacy is sparse. In Europe, regulation of emollients is under the directive of cosmetics (Directive 76/768/EEC). More specific knowledge is needed concerning effects of various ingredients in the products. A future goal is that emollients may be more specifically designed for skin exposed to certain irritants/chemicals and occupations and that randomized studies should be undertaken to confirm the effect of use.