The cerebral cortex represents the pinnacle of neural evolution, serving as the anatomical substrate for higher-order cognitive functions including sensory perception, motor control, language, memory, and executive function. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of cortical neuroanatomy, exploring its layered cytoarchitecture, functional specialization, and regional organization across the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. We examine the structural and functional heterogeneity of cortical regions, including detailed analyses of primary sensory and motor areas, association cortices, and specialized structures such as the limbic system and insula. The chapter integrates classical anatomical descriptions with modern functional insights, including Brodmann’s cytoarchitectonic maps and their clinical correlates. Special attention is devoted to language centers, memory circuits, and emotional processing networks. We explore critical pathological processes affecting the cortex, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, vascular syndromes, and disconnection syndromes. By synthesizing anatomical knowledge with clinical presentations, this chapter equips medical students and residents with the foundational understanding necessary for neurological diagnosis and patient management. The integration of structural neuroanatomy with functional neuroscience and clinical syndromes provides a framework for understanding both normal cortical function and the pathophysiological basis of neurological dis ease.