The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that play a critical role in motor control, procedural learning, habit formation, and various cognitive functions. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the basal ganglia’s anatomical components, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus (external and internal segments), subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The functional organization is explored through the direct and indirect pathways, which have opposing effects on movement facilitation and inhibition. The role of dopamine in modulating these pathways is emphasized, particularly its effects on D1 and D2 receptors within the striatum. Detailed neuroanatomical descriptions include the striosome-matrix organization, connectivity patterns, and arterial supply. Clinical correlations highlight major disorders associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, including Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, dystonia, hemiballismus, and tardive dyskinesia. Understanding the intricate circuitry and neurotransmitter systems of the basal ganglia is essential for medical students and residents to comprehend the pathophysiology of movement disorders and develop appropriate therapeutic strategies.