The spinal cord is a fundamental component of the central nervous system, serving as the primary conduit for neural communication between the brain and the peripheral nervous system. This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of spinal cord anatomy, including its gross and microscopic architecture, regional variations, and functional organization. Beginning with the external features and segmental organization, we explore the internal structure of gray and white matter, the distribution of major ascending and descending tracts, and the complex organization of neural circuits. The chapter details the anatomical basis of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, emphasizing clinically relevant anatomical relationships. Special attention is given to blood supply, protective structures including the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and the unique embryological development that shapes mature spinal architecture. The clinical correlation sections integrate anatomical knowledge with common pathological conditions, including traumatic injuries, degenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders, vascular compromise, infections, and neoplastic processes. This foundation in spinal cord neuroanatomy is essential for understanding clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies in neurological practice.