This chapter examines the multifaceted relationship between human societies, economic development, and the environment, emphasizing how anthropogenic pressures have profoundly redefined both ecological dynamics and landscape transformations. Situated within the broader discourse on the Anthropocene, the discussion highlights the extent to which industrialization, urbanization, and intensive resource exploitation have produced unprecedented environmental consequences, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and the widespread degradation of soil and water systems. Particular attention is devoted to social justice and intergenerational equity as prerequisites for achieving long-term socioecological resilience. The work further explores the valuation of ecosystem services and underscores the importance of advanced environmental accounting tools capable of quantifying externalities and guiding organizations toward more sustainable production and management practices.