This chapter draws on the concepts of de-ordering and re-ordering, developed by Floya Anthias in her research on migration in Europe, to analyze shifts in Brazil’s social structure in the twenty-first century. Accordingly, I first identify a cycle of de-ordering of social hierarchies between 2003 and 2015, corresponding to the administrations of Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. Following Rousseff’s impeachment in 2016, a new phase began in which President Michel Temer and, subsequently, President Jair Bolsonaro adopted policies aimed at re-ordering the social hierarchies that had been partially transformed during the previous cycle. Since Lula’s return to the presidency in 2023, his government has sought to initiate a new period of de-ordering; however, political resistance is now far greater than during his previous administrations.