The increasing scarcities of resources, ecological destruction, and the need for sustainable resource utilisation have prompted us to transition from an extract-produce-use-discard model to a circular-economy product strategy. The recyclability principle is established through product design, such as choosing materials with high recovery potential, avoiding incompatible material combinations, simplifying product architecture, and adapting business models and policies to optimise total recyclability and material recovery. This, in addition to integrating end-of-life strategies into product design (e.g. structural, mechanical, chemical, or biological), will improve recycling efficiency. 9R has strategic implications in this regard; implementing the 9R framework in a product design process would lead to resource-efficient design and reduced waste. Process optimisation of valuable materials—such as metals, glass, and polymers—improves recycling efficiency while retaining the structural and functional requirements that ensure they maintain significant value for further use. When integrating these concepts into the product’s design phase, it increases resource efficiency, minimises energy use throughout its lifecycle, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions from the production of virgin materials. The recyclability and recovery performance are estimated and monitored using new advanced digital tools, such as life cycle assessment and material flow analysis, as well as emerging methods like design for disassembly and material labelling and identification, which further promotes greater accountability and efficiency in recycling. This chapter presents recycling principles, approaches, and cradle-to-grave strategies for materials developed in industries.