Important conclusions about viruses and their role in life drawn from a post-millennial, i.e., post-genomic, perspective are presented. Transcending Neo-Darwinism means not only following the path of the New Synthesis, or walking The Third Way of evolution, but also paving the way toward a much more revolutionary route of thinking in biology. Viruses can no longer be regarded as parasites or infectious agents alone. They are agents of change, sculptors of genomes, engineers of immune systems, and creators of real novelty. Their ability to convey new properties to hosts affects not only a few individuals but also all cellular life, their communication, and social life. The origin of life itself, the evolution of (meta)genomes, and multicellularity are closely connected to viruses. The genetic code and its use, i.e., codon usage bias, are also influenced by viral activity. Furthermore, Code Biology showed that many biological codes have their roots in viral processes, rendering viruses actual codemakers, programmers of life, or original biohackers, if you will. A holistic view of viral processes leads to new insights and a better understanding of how living systems adapt, change, and create new realities. From our perspective, viruses and their relatives are at the bottom of any genetic novelty and in all processes of natural genome editing.

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The Viral Turn in Biology

  • Robert Prinz,
  • Günther Witzany

摘要

Important conclusions about viruses and their role in life drawn from a post-millennial, i.e., post-genomic, perspective are presented. Transcending Neo-Darwinism means not only following the path of the New Synthesis, or walking The Third Way of evolution, but also paving the way toward a much more revolutionary route of thinking in biology. Viruses can no longer be regarded as parasites or infectious agents alone. They are agents of change, sculptors of genomes, engineers of immune systems, and creators of real novelty. Their ability to convey new properties to hosts affects not only a few individuals but also all cellular life, their communication, and social life. The origin of life itself, the evolution of (meta)genomes, and multicellularity are closely connected to viruses. The genetic code and its use, i.e., codon usage bias, are also influenced by viral activity. Furthermore, Code Biology showed that many biological codes have their roots in viral processes, rendering viruses actual codemakers, programmers of life, or original biohackers, if you will. A holistic view of viral processes leads to new insights and a better understanding of how living systems adapt, change, and create new realities. From our perspective, viruses and their relatives are at the bottom of any genetic novelty and in all processes of natural genome editing.