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Calcium (Ca) is a ubiquitous and highly versatile secondary messenger that governs plant growth, development, and adaptive responses through precisely regulated spatiotemporal signaling signatures. Conventional calcium fertilization strategies, however, are constrained by poor mobility, limited bioavailability, and weak integration with intracellular signaling networks. Recent advances in nanotechnology have positioned calcium nanoparticles (CaNPs) as a disruptive platform for transcending these limitations by coupling calcium delivery with signal modulation. A critical synthesis of emerging evidence on the physicochemical properties, synthesis strategies, and biological interactions of CaNPs, with a specific focus on their role in plant signal transduction and stress response regulation, has been obtained. The chemical, biological, hybrid, and advanced synthesis routes, and highlight how nanoparticle size, surface chemistry, and crystallinity govern cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and functional bioavailability, have been examined. Particular emphasis is placed on plant-specific uptake pathways and the ability of CaNPs to influence calcium ion fluxes, activate calcium-dependent protein kinases, and engage in crosstalk with reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and phytohormonal signaling pathways. The contribution of CaNPs to abiotic and biotic stress resilience, including drought, salinity, temperature extremes, heavy metals detoxification, and pathogen defense, is discussed alongside emerging transcriptomic and epigenetic responses that suggest roles in stress memory and long-term adaptation. Applications in sustainable agriculture and biomedicine are evaluated. Finally, future research directions are outlined, emphasizing smart delivery systems, multi-omics-driven mechanistic insights, and scalable green synthesis. Overall, this chapter reframes CaNPs as nano-enabled regulators of calcium signaling rather than passive nutrient sources, offering new avenues for precision stress management and resilient biological systems.

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Calcium Nanoparticles in Signal Transduction and Stress Response Regulation

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Anu Kalia,
  • Sat Pal Sharma

摘要

Calcium (Ca) is a ubiquitous and highly versatile secondary messenger that governs plant growth, development, and adaptive responses through precisely regulated spatiotemporal signaling signatures. Conventional calcium fertilization strategies, however, are constrained by poor mobility, limited bioavailability, and weak integration with intracellular signaling networks. Recent advances in nanotechnology have positioned calcium nanoparticles (CaNPs) as a disruptive platform for transcending these limitations by coupling calcium delivery with signal modulation. A critical synthesis of emerging evidence on the physicochemical properties, synthesis strategies, and biological interactions of CaNPs, with a specific focus on their role in plant signal transduction and stress response regulation, has been obtained. The chemical, biological, hybrid, and advanced synthesis routes, and highlight how nanoparticle size, surface chemistry, and crystallinity govern cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and functional bioavailability, have been examined. Particular emphasis is placed on plant-specific uptake pathways and the ability of CaNPs to influence calcium ion fluxes, activate calcium-dependent protein kinases, and engage in crosstalk with reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and phytohormonal signaling pathways. The contribution of CaNPs to abiotic and biotic stress resilience, including drought, salinity, temperature extremes, heavy metals detoxification, and pathogen defense, is discussed alongside emerging transcriptomic and epigenetic responses that suggest roles in stress memory and long-term adaptation. Applications in sustainable agriculture and biomedicine are evaluated. Finally, future research directions are outlined, emphasizing smart delivery systems, multi-omics-driven mechanistic insights, and scalable green synthesis. Overall, this chapter reframes CaNPs as nano-enabled regulators of calcium signaling rather than passive nutrient sources, offering new avenues for precision stress management and resilient biological systems.