Industrial strategy has returned to the centre of economic policy and is becoming a primary tool for delivering sustainability. Regardless of political leaning, governments worldwide, from the US and EU to China and the Gulf—are using targeted subsidies, public procurement, skills programmes, and investment in key technologies to strengthen resilience, secure supply chains, and accelerate the clean-energy transition. Industrial policy is no longer ideological; it is a pragmatic response to climate risk, geopolitical fragmentation, and market failures that hinder large-scale transformation. Effective strategies focus on selective sectoral priorities, alignment across policy domains, risk-sharing with industry, and place-based development through hubs, clusters, and economic zones. These approaches anchor sustainability in real production systems, communities, and institutions. Modern industrial strategy is where sustainability shifts from aspiration to architecture, shaping competitiveness, national capability, and long-term economic security.