This chapter examines the interconnections between cultural heritage, climate change, and human rights through a critical analysis of the UNESCO World Heritage system. Using a qualitative and historical approach, it traces how climate change has gradually been integrated into the 1972 Convention’s policy framework. Two key phases are identified: an early phase (2005–2009) focused on data collection and risk recognition, and a later phase (2015–2021) aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement. Through comparative analysis of case studies, it reveals systemic weaknesses, including the imbalance between cultural and natural heritage protection against climate change, and the instrumental use of Indigenous knowledge without adequate rights protection. The chapter concludes by identifying three major challenges—geopolitical, scientific, and legal—essential to reorient World Heritage governance toward justice and human rights.