Understanding the behavior of confined concrete elements under extreme thermal conditions is essential for structural safety assessment and fire resistance evaluation. Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) confinement systems are increasingly used to enhance concrete performance, but their behavior after high temperature exposure still requires thorough investigation. Acoustic emission (AE) techniques provide valuable non-destructive monitoring capabilities for damage assessment and failure mechanism identification in structural systems. In this context, this study investigates the mechanical behavior and damage evolution of TRM-confined concrete specimens subjected to high temperature exposure through acoustic emission monitoring. Concrete specimens were confined with carbon TRM composites and subsequently exposed to high temperatures ranging from ambient conditions to 600 °C. Following thermal exposure, the specimens underwent uniaxial compression testing while AE signals were continuously monitored throughout the loading history. The experimental program aimed to evaluate the residual properties of TRM-confined concrete after high temperature damage and assess the capability of AE techniques to identify different damage mechanisms and failure stages. Results demonstrate that high temperature exposure significantly influences the mechanical properties of TRM-confined concrete elements, with particularly catastrophic effects observed at 600 °C exposure. The elevated temperature caused significant degradation in both the concrete matrix and the TRM confinement system, affecting the overall behavior and load-bearing capacity. Acoustic emission monitoring proved effective in monitoring damage initiation stages and different failure mechanisms across different high temperature exposure scenarios.