Recent developments in nanomaterials are transforming the textile business by enabling sophisticated surface modification and functionalization of textiles, endowing them with novel and enhanced qualities. Through material manipulation at the nanoscale, all of these technologies have the potential to provide textiles with a wide range of functionalities, from enhanced water resistance and durability to antibacterial activity, UV protection, and even electrical conductivity. This chapter describes the most important kinds of nanomaterials for textile modification, their varied integration techniques into textiles, and their numerous industrial uses in fields including smart textiles, sportswear, and health care. Additionally covered in this chapter are the environmental problems, cost-effectiveness, and scalability challenges associated with the usage of nanomaterials. Lastly, it discusses the potential applications of nano-enabled textiles in cutting-edge industries like wearable electronics and responsive materials, as well as future approaches for creating sustainable, multipurpose textiles. The function and surface modification of textiles are covered in detail in this chapter, underscoring the potential of nanomaterials to completely transform the textile sector.