This chapter describes how oxidative surface modification plays an essential role in advanced textile processing, along with the sustainable, efficient, and performance-enhancing approaches across diverse fiber types. Chemical oxidation, ozone treatment, plasma activation, photocatalytic processes, and electrochemical and enzymatic-assisted oxidation are different methods for textile surface oxidation. These techniques introduce oxygenated functional groups and micro- to nano-scale roughness onto the textile surface. These approaches improve the wettability, dyeability, adhesion, and chemical reactivity of surfaces. Unlike conventional oxidative routes, which tend to be heavy on chemicals, high in temperature, and require large volumes of water, advanced oxidation techniques offer cleaner, less expensive alternatives. Studies were conducted using cellulose, polyester, wool, and technical fibers to improve dye uptake, fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion, and fastness properties, thereby maintaining or enhancing overall fabric quality. Ozone–ultrasound treatment and control plasma modification are also employed to enhance surface activation without compromising fiber integrity. This chapter identifies oxidative modification as a promising and sustainable route for textile pretreatment and functional finishing, offering significant advantages in efficiency, environmental compatibility, and durability.