The aerospace industry is increasingly focused on reducing maintenance time in order to lower operating costs, which in turn can decrease air transportation costs and benefit both passenger and freight services. One effective approach to achieving this goal is enhancing the conventional non-destructive inspection (NDINon-Destructive Inspection (NDI)) techniques used in aircraftAircraft maintenance for better damage identifications. Vibration-based damage identification (VBDI) has emerged as one of the most promising techniques for practical NDINon-Destructive Inspection (NDI) operations. The primary objective of this chapter is to review VBDI techniques for NDINon-Destructive Inspection (NDI) applications. Over recent decades, VBDI methods have been widely applied in engineering practice due to their numerous advantages in detecting, localizing, and assessing structural damagesStructural damages. These methods rely on the dynamic response of a structure, measured by sensors that do not necessarily need to be located in the immediate vicinity of the damage. Moreover, VBDI techniques do not require prior knowledge of the damage location, making them particularly attractive for large and complex structures such as aircraftAircraft.