Agriculture is increasingly exposed to the risks of climate variability and change while also contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. These dual challenges threaten food security and rural livelihoods, particularly in smallholder farming systems. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) provides a pathway to address these concerns by integrating practices that enhance productivity, build resilience, and mitigate emissions. This chapter reviews the main CSA options, including conservation agriculture, integrated soil fertility and nutrient management, water harvesting and small-scale irrigation, agroforestry, crop diversification, and improved varieties. Evidence from different regions indicates that these practices improve yields, stabilize farm income, enhance resource-use efficiency, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions through carbon sequestration and improved soil management. The chapter also examines the demographic, economic, institutional, and sociocultural factors shaping adoption, noting both the opportunities and barriers. However, constraints such as insecure land tenure, limited credit, weak extension, and delayed benefits restrict uptake. Strengthening policies, institutions, and climate services, together with gender-responsive training and capacity building, will be essential for scaling CSA and achieving resilient and sustainable agri-food systems.